The world of medicine has come a long way from the early days of miasma and bleedings. The book “The Invention of Surgery: A History of Modern Medicine from the Renaissance to the Implant Revolution” details the journey of discovery, from leeches to antibiotics to open heart surgery. This history also helps explain the speed of medical advancements, including how a COVID-19 vaccine was developed in less than a year. Author Dr. David Schneider is an orthopedic surgeon based in Boulder. This interview first aired in January. Hear the extended discussion here.